Machu Picchu When Was It Built

Machu Picchu, the iconic Inca citadel nestled high in the Andes Mountains, continues to captivate the imagination of historians, archaeologists, and travelers alike. Its stunning architecture, breathtaking location, and the enduring mystery surrounding its purpose have made it one of the most recognizable and revered archaeological sites in the world. One of the most frequently asked questions about this wonder is, "When was Machu Picchu built?" The answer, while seemingly straightforward, is intertwined with complex historical research and ongoing debate.

Unraveling the Timeline: When Was Machu Picchu Built?

The generally accepted timeframe for the construction of Machu Picchu falls within the reign of the Inca emperor Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, placing its origin in the mid-15th century. Radiocarbon dating and historical accounts suggest that the construction likely began around 1450 AD and continued until the Inca Empire was disrupted by the Spanish conquest in 1532. This relatively short period of construction, spanning roughly 80 years, highlights the remarkable engineering prowess and organizational capabilities of the Inca civilization.

• Mid-15th Century: Construction begins under the rule of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
• 1450-1532 AD: The primary period of construction and habitation.
• 1532 AD: Construction halts due to the Spanish conquest.

Delving Deeper: The Historical Context

To fully appreciate the timeline of Machu Picchu's construction, it is crucial to understand the broader historical context of the Inca Empire. The 15th century was a period of significant expansion and consolidation for the Inca, driven largely by the ambitious ruler Pachacuti.

The Reign of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438-1471)

Pachacuti is considered one of the most transformative figures in Inca history. He transformed the Inca state from a relatively small kingdom centered around Cusco into a vast empire known as Tawantinsuyu, meaning "The Four Regions." His military campaigns expanded Inca territory significantly, bringing diverse cultures and resources under Inca control. Pachacuti was also a renowned administrator and city planner, responsible for major infrastructure projects, including the reorganization of Cusco and the construction of roads, agricultural terraces, and religious centers.

The Inca Empire: Expansion and Consolidation

Following Pachacuti's reign, his successors continued the expansion of the Inca Empire. The empire stretched from modern-day Ecuador to central Chile, encompassing a wide range of ecological zones and diverse populations. The Inca implemented a sophisticated system of governance, including a centralized administration, a standardized language (Quechua), and a complex network of roads and communication.

The Role of Machu Picchu in the Inca Empire

Machu Picchu, therefore, was built during the height of Inca power and prosperity. Its construction reflects the empire's ability to mobilize vast resources and skilled labor. While the exact purpose of Machu Picchu remains debated, its strategic location, intricate architecture, and evidence of elite occupation suggest it held significant importance within the Inca state.

The Evidence: Supporting the Timeline

The timeline for Machu Picchu's construction is supported by a combination of historical, archaeological, and scientific evidence.

Historical Accounts

Spanish chroniclers, writing in the decades following the conquest, provide valuable insights into Inca society, although they do not specifically mention Machu Picchu. These accounts describe Inca building practices, the role of Pachacuti in urban development, and the overall context of the empire during the 15th and early 16th centuries.

Archaeological Evidence

Archaeological excavations at Machu Picchu have revealed a wealth of information about the site's construction, occupation, and abandonment.

• Pottery and Artifacts: The style of pottery and other artifacts found at Machu Picchu aligns with the Late Horizon period (1400-1532 AD), the period of Inca dominance.
• Architecture: The architectural style of Machu Picchu, characterized by finely crafted stonework and precise fitting of stones, is consistent with Inca construction techniques of the 15th century.
• Human Remains: Analysis of human remains found at Machu Picchu suggests that the site was inhabited by a diverse population, including elites, artisans, and laborers.

Radiocarbon Dating

Radiocarbon dating of organic materials, such as wood and charcoal, provides more precise dating for the construction and occupation of Machu Picchu. Multiple radiocarbon dating studies have consistently placed the primary period of activity at Machu Picchu between 1450 and 1530 AD.

The Construction Process: A Glimpse into Inca Engineering

The construction of Machu Picchu was a monumental undertaking, requiring meticulous planning, skilled labor, and a deep understanding of engineering principles.

Quarrying and Transporting Stone

The primary building material at Machu Picchu is granite, quarried from nearby outcrops. Inca engineers developed sophisticated techniques for extracting large blocks of stone, using tools made of stone, bronze, and wood. The massive stones were then transported to the construction site using a combination of human labor, levers, and ramps.

Shaping and Fitting the Stones

One of the most remarkable aspects of Machu Picchu's architecture is the precise fitting of stones. Inca stonemasons shaped the stones to fit together perfectly, without the use of mortar. This technique, known as ashlar masonry, created incredibly strong and stable structures that have withstood centuries of earthquakes and weathering.

Terracing and Drainage

The construction of Machu Picchu also involved extensive terracing to create level platforms for buildings and agriculture. The terraces were supported by retaining walls and carefully engineered drainage systems to prevent erosion and ensure water management.

The Purpose of Machu Picchu: Unraveling the Mystery

While the timeline for the construction of Machu Picchu is relatively well-established, the exact purpose of the site remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. Several theories have been proposed, each with its own supporting evidence.

Royal Estate

One of the most widely accepted theories is that Machu Picchu served as a royal estate for Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui. This theory suggests that Machu Picchu was a place where the Inca ruler could retreat from the pressures of imperial life, entertain guests, and engage in religious ceremonies. The presence of elaborate residences, temples, and ceremonial spaces supports this idea.

Religious Sanctuary

Another theory proposes that Machu Picchu was a religious sanctuary, dedicated to the worship of the sun god Inti and other important Inca deities. The presence of the Intihuatana stone, a precisely carved rock that may have been used for astronomical observations and solar rituals, lends credence to this theory.

Agricultural Center

Machu Picchu also played a significant role in agriculture. The extensive terracing system allowed the Inca to cultivate a variety of crops, including corn, potatoes, and quinoa. The agricultural surplus produced at Machu Picchu may have been used to support the elite residents of the site and to supply the Inca state.

Strategic Outpost

The strategic location of Machu Picchu, perched high on a mountain ridge and surrounded by steep cliffs, suggests that it may have also served as a military outpost or defensive structure. However, the lack of extensive fortifications and the relatively small size of the site make this theory less compelling than others.

The Abandonment of Machu Picchu: An Enduring Enigma

The reasons for the abandonment of Machu Picchu in the decades following the Spanish conquest remain a mystery. Several factors may have contributed to its decline.

The Spanish Conquest

The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 had a devastating impact on Inca society. The introduction of European diseases, the disruption of trade and agriculture, and the imposition of Spanish rule led to widespread social and economic upheaval.

Inca Civil War

Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the Inca Empire was embroiled in a civil war between two rival claimants to the throne. This conflict weakened the empire and made it more vulnerable to Spanish conquest.

Disease and Depopulation

European diseases, such as smallpox and measles, decimated the Inca population. The loss of manpower may have made it difficult to maintain Machu Picchu and other Inca settlements.

Relocation of the Inca Elite

Following the Spanish conquest, many members of the Inca elite fled Cusco and other major cities, seeking refuge in more remote areas. This relocation may have led to the abandonment of Machu Picchu, as the site no longer served its original purpose.

Rediscovery and Modern Significance

Machu Picchu remained largely unknown to the outside world until its rediscovery in 1911 by the American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham. Bingham's expeditions to Machu Picchu brought the site to international attention and sparked renewed interest in Inca history and culture.

Hiram Bingham and the Rediscovery of Machu Picchu

Hiram Bingham was searching for the "lost city of the Incas" when he stumbled upon Machu Picchu in 1911. He was initially unsure of the site's identity, but he recognized its significance and spent several years excavating and studying the ruins.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

In 1983, Machu Picchu was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its outstanding cultural and natural value. This designation has helped to protect the site from damage and ensure its preservation for future generations.

Tourism and Conservation

Machu Picchu is now one of the most popular tourist destinations in South America. Millions of visitors flock to the site each year to marvel at its stunning architecture and breathtaking scenery. However, the influx of tourists has also raised concerns about the site's conservation. The Peruvian government and UNESCO are working to implement sustainable tourism practices to protect Machu Picchu from the negative impacts of tourism.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

• Q: When was Machu Picchu built?
  • A: Construction likely began around 1450 AD, during the reign of Inca emperor Pachacuti, and continued until around 1532 AD, when the Spanish conquest disrupted the Inca Empire.
• Q: Who built Machu Picchu?
  • A: Machu Picchu was built by the Inca civilization, under the direction of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
• Q: Why was Machu Picchu built?
  • A: The exact purpose is debated, but theories include a royal estate, a religious sanctuary, an agricultural center, and a strategic outpost.
• Q: How was Machu Picchu built?
  • A: The construction involved quarrying, transporting, and shaping massive stones, using sophisticated engineering techniques and a large workforce.
• Q: Why was Machu Picchu abandoned?
  • A: The abandonment was likely due to a combination of factors, including the Spanish conquest, Inca civil war, disease, and relocation of the Inca elite.
• Q: How was Machu Picchu rediscovered?
  • A: Machu Picchu was rediscovered in 1911 by American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham.

Conclusion

The construction of Machu Picchu, dating back to the mid-15th century, stands as a testament to the ingenuity, organizational skills, and artistic vision of the Inca civilization. While questions surrounding its precise purpose and abandonment persist, the timeline of its construction is supported by a wealth of historical, archaeological, and scientific evidence. Machu Picchu continues to inspire awe and wonder, offering a glimpse into the rich history and cultural heritage of the Inca Empire. Its preservation for future generations remains a priority, ensuring that this iconic site continues to captivate and educate for centuries to come. The enduring legacy of Machu Picchu serves as a reminder of the remarkable achievements of the Inca people and their profound connection to the Andean landscape.