How To Preserve Bones For Display

The enduring allure of bones lies in their stark beauty and the stories they silently tell about life, death, and the passage of time. Whether you're a student of anatomy, a collector of natural curiosities, or simply fascinated by the intricate structures that support our bodies, preserving bones for display allows you to appreciate these wonders up close. However, preserving bones requires careful preparation and attention to detail. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the entire process, from acquiring and cleaning bones to articulating and displaying them safely and aesthetically.

Obtaining Bones: Ethical and Legal Considerations

Before embarking on your bone preservation journey, it's crucial to understand the ethical and legal considerations surrounding bone acquisition. Laws vary significantly depending on your location and the species of animal. Never obtain bones illegally or unethically. Here are some guidelines:

• Roadkill: In some areas, collecting roadkill is permitted, but regulations often exist. Check with your local wildlife authorities or Department of Natural Resources to understand the specific rules in your region.
• Donated specimens: Veterinary clinics, museums, and educational institutions sometimes have bones from animals that have died naturally or were euthanized for medical reasons. They may be willing to donate these specimens for educational purposes.
• Farms and ranches: Farmers and ranchers may have bones from livestock that have died. Inquire about the possibility of obtaining these specimens.
• Taxidermists: Taxidermists often have skeletal remains from animals they have processed. They may be a source for obtaining bones.
• Online Suppliers: Numerous online suppliers specialize in ethically sourced bones and skeletal specimens. Ensure the supplier is reputable and adheres to all applicable laws.
• Human Remains: Laws regarding the possession of human remains are very strict. Unless you are a qualified researcher or have explicit permission from the appropriate authorities, possessing human bones is generally illegal.

Essential Tools and Supplies

Proper tools and supplies are essential for successful bone preservation. Here's a comprehensive list:

• Scalpel or sharp knife: For removing tissue and muscle from the bones.
• Forceps or tweezers: For grasping and removing small pieces of tissue.
• Wire cutters: For cutting wires during articulation.
• Needle-nose pliers: For manipulating wires and small bones.
• Bone saw: For cutting bones, if necessary, during articulation or repair.
• Soft-bristled brushes: For gentle cleaning of the bones. Avoid using stiff brushes, as they can damage the surface.
• Plastic containers: For maceration and degreasing. Choose containers that are large enough to fully submerge the bones.
• Heater: An aquarium heater or a crock-pot on a low setting can be used to maintain a consistent temperature during maceration, speeding up the process.
• Ventilation: Maceration can produce unpleasant odors, so ensure you have adequate ventilation in your workspace.
• Gloves: Protect your hands from bacteria and chemicals.
• Mask: Protect your lungs from odors and dust.
• Eye protection: Safety glasses or goggles will protect your eyes from splashes.
• Hydrogen peroxide (3%): For whitening the bones.
• Ammonia: For degreasing the bones. Use with caution and in a well-ventilated area.
• Dawn dish soap: For general cleaning and degreasing.
• Clear acrylic sealant: To protect the bones and give them a slight sheen.
• Hot glue gun: For temporarily fixing bones during articulation.
• Epoxy: For permanently adhering bones during articulation.
• Wires: For articulation. Different gauges of wire are needed for different bones.
• Drill with small drill bits: For drilling holes in bones for wiring.
• Calipers: For measuring bones accurately during articulation.
• Reference materials: Anatomy books, skeletal diagrams, and online resources will be invaluable for accurate articulation.

Step-by-Step Guide to Bone Preservation

The process of preserving bones for display involves several key steps: initial cleaning, maceration, degreasing, whitening, and preservation. Each step is crucial for ensuring the long-term integrity and aesthetic appeal of your skeletal specimens.

1. Initial Cleaning

The initial cleaning is the first and most important step in the bone preservation process. This involves removing as much soft tissue as possible from the bones.

• Skinning: If the specimen still has skin and fur or feathers, carefully remove it using a scalpel or sharp knife. Take care not to damage the underlying bone.
• Defleshing: Use a scalpel, knife, or your fingers (with gloves) to remove as much muscle and tissue as possible. Smaller bones can be cleaned with forceps or tweezers.
• Eye and Brain Removal: Use specialized tools or carefully flush out the contents with water. This can be a delicate process.
• Cartilage Removal: Cartilage can be difficult to remove. You can try cutting it away with a scalpel or soaking the bones in warm water to soften it.

Why is Initial Cleaning Important?

• Prevents Odor: Removing the bulk of the soft tissue before maceration significantly reduces the odor produced during the process.
• Speeds up Maceration: Less tissue means faster decomposition and a shorter maceration time.
• Improves Maceration Quality: A cleaner specimen results in cleaner bones after maceration.

2. Maceration: The Art of Controlled Decomposition

Maceration is the process of using bacteria to break down the remaining soft tissues on the bones. It's essentially controlled decomposition.

• Cold Water Maceration: This is the most common and safest method. Submerge the bones in a container of water. Change the water every few days to prevent the buildup of foul odors and to remove any floating debris. The process can take several weeks to several months, depending on the size of the specimen and the temperature.
• Warm Water Maceration: Heating the water speeds up the maceration process. An aquarium heater or a crock-pot on a low setting can be used to maintain a consistent temperature. However, be careful not to overheat the water, as this can damage the bones and promote the growth of undesirable bacteria. Monitor the process closely and change the water frequently.
• Enzyme Maceration: Enzymes, such as those found in laundry detergents, can also be used to accelerate maceration. Add a small amount of enzyme-based detergent to the water. However, be careful not to use too much detergent, as it can damage the bones.

Factors Affecting Maceration Time:

• Temperature: Warmer temperatures accelerate maceration.
• Specimen Size: Larger specimens take longer to macerate.
• Tissue Remaining: The more tissue that remains on the bones, the longer the process will take.
• Bacteria Activity: The type and amount of bacteria present can affect the speed of maceration.

Signs that Maceration is Complete:

• The bones are clean and free of soft tissue.
• The water remains relatively clear.
• The bones feel slightly slippery.

3. Degreasing: Removing the Oils

Bones contain fats and oils that can cause them to discolor and deteriorate over time. Degreasing is the process of removing these substances.

• Dawn Dish Soap Method: Submerge the bones in a solution of warm water and Dawn dish soap. Change the solution every few days until the water remains clear. This can take several weeks to several months, depending on the size and oiliness of the bones.
• Ammonia Method: This method is more effective for removing stubborn grease, but it requires more caution. Submerge the bones in a solution of ammonia and water (about 10% ammonia). Use in a well-ventilated area and wear gloves and eye protection. Check the bones regularly, as ammonia can damage them if left too long. This can take several weeks to several months.
• Solvent Degreasing: Solvents like acetone or mineral spirits can be used to degrease bones, but they are hazardous and require specialized equipment and safety precautions. This method is best left to professionals.

Why is Degreasing Important?

• Prevents Discoloration: Fats and oils can cause bones to turn yellow or brown over time.
• Prevents Deterioration: Oils can attract bacteria and insects, which can damage the bones.
• Improves Whitening: Degreased bones whiten more effectively.

Signs that Degreasing is Complete:

• The bones feel dry and chalky.
• The degreasing solution remains clear.
• The bones no longer have a greasy feel.

4. Whitening: Achieving the Pristine Look

Whitening is the process of bleaching the bones to achieve a clean, white appearance.

• Hydrogen Peroxide Method: This is the most common and safest method for whitening bones. Submerge the bones in a solution of 3% hydrogen peroxide (the kind you buy at the drugstore). You can use stronger concentrations, but be careful not to damage the bones. Monitor the process closely and change the solution every few days. This can take several days to several weeks, depending on the desired level of whiteness.
• Sun Bleaching: Exposing the bones to direct sunlight can also help to whiten them. However, be careful not to overexpose the bones, as this can make them brittle.
• Avoid Chlorine Bleach: Chlorine bleach can damage the bones and make them brittle over time.

Why is Whitening Important?

• Aesthetic Appeal: Whitening enhances the visual appeal of the bones.
• Removes Stains: Whitening can remove any remaining stains or discoloration.
• Professional Look: Whitened bones have a more professional and museum-quality appearance.

Important Considerations for Whitening:

• Degrease First: Bones must be thoroughly degreased before whitening.
• Monitor Closely: Check the bones regularly to avoid over-bleaching.
• Rinse Thoroughly: Rinse the bones thoroughly after whitening to remove any residual chemicals.

5. Preservation and Sealing: Protecting Your Investment

Once the bones are cleaned, degreased, and whitened, it's important to preserve and seal them to protect them from damage and deterioration.

• Drying: Allow the bones to dry completely before applying any sealant. This can take several days to several weeks, depending on the size of the bones and the humidity.
• Acrylic Sealant: Apply a clear acrylic sealant to the bones. This will protect them from dust, moisture, and handling. You can use a spray sealant or brush-on sealant. Apply several thin coats, allowing each coat to dry completely before applying the next.
• Bone Consolidants: For fragile or damaged bones, a bone consolidant can be used to strengthen and stabilize them. These consolidants are typically applied by professionals.

Why is Preservation Important?

• Protects from Damage: Sealants protect the bones from physical damage, such as scratches and chips.
• Prevents Deterioration: Sealants prevent moisture and dust from damaging the bones.
• Enhances Appearance: Sealants can give the bones a slight sheen and enhance their visual appeal.

Articulation: Bringing the Skeleton Back to Life

Articulation is the process of assembling the skeleton into its natural anatomical position. This can be a challenging but rewarding process.

• Reference Materials: Use anatomy books, skeletal diagrams, and online resources as references.
• Layout: Lay out all the bones in their approximate anatomical position.
• Wiring: Use wires to connect the bones together. Drill small holes in the bones to thread the wires through. Different gauges of wire will be needed for different bones.
• Gluing: Use epoxy to permanently adhere the bones together. Hot glue can be used to temporarily fix bones in place while the epoxy dries.
• Posing: Once the skeleton is assembled, you can pose it in a variety of positions.

Tips for Successful Articulation:

• Start Simple: Begin with a simple skeleton, such as a small mammal or bird.
• Take Your Time: Articulation can be a time-consuming process. Don't rush it.
• Be Patient: It may take several attempts to get the bones in the correct position.
• Use Good Lighting: Good lighting will make it easier to see the bones and their anatomical features.
• Seek Help: If you're struggling, don't hesitate to seek help from experienced articulators.

Displaying Your Skeletal Specimens: Aesthetics and Safety

Once your bones are preserved and, optionally, articulated, it's time to display them. Consider both the aesthetic appeal and the safety of your display.

• Display Cases: Display cases protect the bones from dust, damage, and insects.
• Mounting: Mount the bones on a stand or base for stability.
• Lighting: Use appropriate lighting to highlight the bones and their anatomical features.
• Labeling: Label the bones with their scientific names and any relevant information.
• Safety: Ensure the display is safe and secure, especially if you have children or pets.

Display Ideas:

• Museum-Style Display: Create a professional-looking display with a display case, labels, and good lighting.
• Natural History Display: Combine your skeletal specimens with other natural history items, such as fossils, shells, and plants.
• Artistic Display: Use your skeletal specimens to create artistic arrangements and sculptures.

Safety Precautions

Working with bones and chemicals can be hazardous. Always take the following safety precautions:

• Wear Gloves: Protect your hands from bacteria and chemicals.
• Wear a Mask: Protect your lungs from odors and dust.
• Wear Eye Protection: Safety glasses or goggles will protect your eyes from splashes.
• Work in a Well-Ventilated Area: Maceration and degreasing can produce unpleasant odors and fumes.
• Dispose of Waste Properly: Dispose of maceration fluids and chemicals according to local regulations.
• Wash Your Hands Thoroughly: Wash your hands thoroughly after handling bones and chemicals.

Conclusion

Preserving bones for display is a fascinating and rewarding process that allows you to connect with the natural world in a unique way. By following the steps outlined in this guide and taking the necessary safety precautions, you can create beautiful and educational skeletal specimens that will last for generations. Remember to always obtain bones ethically and legally, and to treat these precious objects with respect. The journey of bone preservation is one of patience, attention to detail, and a deep appreciation for the intricate beauty of the skeletal form.