Do You Put A Comma After However

Navigating the nuances of the English language often feels like traversing a minefield, and the proper use of commas is one of the most common triggers. A particularly tricky spot is the word "however." Do you put a comma after "however"? The short answer is: it depends. However, the long answer, as you might suspect, is more complex and nuanced, delving into the specific role "however" plays in a sentence. This comprehensive guide will unpack the various scenarios in which "however" appears, clarifying when a comma is necessary and when it's best to leave it out. We'll explore "however" as a conjunctive adverb, a coordinating conjunction, and an interrupter, providing clear examples and explanations to help you master its comma usage.

Understanding the Multifaceted "However"

"However" is a versatile word that can function in different grammatical roles, each dictating its comma usage. It's crucial to identify how "however" is being used in a sentence before deciding whether to add a comma after it. Primarily, "however" acts as a conjunctive adverb, linking two independent clauses. It can also function as a coordinating conjunction, albeit less commonly. Finally, "however" can act as an interrupter, adding emphasis or a change of direction within a single clause. Let’s examine each of these roles in detail.

"However" as a Conjunctive Adverb: The Comma Connection

When "however" functions as a conjunctive adverb, it connects two independent clauses, essentially acting as a bridge between two complete thoughts. In this role, "however" typically requires punctuation both before and after it. The punctuation before is usually a semicolon or a period, while a comma invariably follows "however" itself.

Semicolon and Comma: This is the most common construction. The semicolon indicates a close relationship between the two independent clauses.
- Example: The weather was terrible; however, we decided to go for a hike.
- Explanation: "The weather was terrible" and "we decided to go for a hike" are both independent clauses. "However" connects them, indicating a contrast. The semicolon separates the clauses, and the comma follows "however."
Period and Comma: Using a period creates a stronger break between the clauses, signaling that they are more distinct.
- Example: The project was significantly delayed. However, the team remained optimistic.
- Explanation: Similar to the previous example, "The project was significantly delayed" and "The team remained optimistic" are independent clauses. The period creates a full stop, and the comma follows "however."

Key Takeaway: When "however" connects two independent clauses, always use a comma after it. The punctuation before "however" will be either a semicolon or a period, depending on the desired level of separation between the clauses.

"However" as a Coordinating Conjunction: A Rare Sighting

While less common, "however" can sometimes function as a coordinating conjunction, similar to "but" or "yet." In these instances, it joins two independent clauses. However, unlike the conjunctive adverb usage, when "however" acts as a coordinating conjunction, no comma follows it. The comma precedes it, just as it would with "but" or "yet."

Example: He wanted to go to the party, however he was too tired.
Explanation: Here, "however" directly joins the two independent clauses: "He wanted to go to the party" and "he was too tired." The comma precedes "however," and no comma follows it.

Important Note: This usage of "however" as a coordinating conjunction is often considered less formal and, in some cases, stylistically frowned upon. It's generally safer to use "however" as a conjunctive adverb, ensuring proper punctuation. If you're unsure, rephrasing the sentence with "but" or "yet" might be a more elegant solution.

"However" as an Interrupter: Paired Commas

"However" can also function as an interrupter, also known as a parenthetical element, within a single clause. In this case, "however" adds emphasis, provides additional information, or indicates a change of direction within the sentence. When used as an interrupter, "however" is set off by commas both before and after it.

Example: The research, however, was ultimately inconclusive.
Explanation: "However" interrupts the main clause "The research was ultimately inconclusive," adding emphasis to the idea that the research didn't yield clear results. The commas before and after "however" signal its interjectory role.
Example: The plan, however, had several significant flaws.
Explanation: Similar to the previous example, "however" interrupts the main clause "The plan had several significant flaws," highlighting the presence of flaws.

Key Takeaway: When "however" appears in the middle of a single clause, and it can be removed without significantly altering the meaning of the sentence, it's likely functioning as an interrupter and requires commas on both sides.

Situations Where No Comma is Needed After "However"

There are specific instances where a comma should not follow "however." These situations often involve "however" modifying a single word or phrase, rather than connecting clauses or interrupting a sentence.

Modifying an Adjective or Adverb: When "however" modifies an adjective or adverb, it acts as an intensifier similar to "no matter how." In these cases, no comma is needed.
- Example: However difficult the task may seem, we must persevere.
- Explanation: Here, "however" modifies the adjective "difficult." It doesn't connect clauses or interrupt the sentence flow. Therefore, no comma follows "however."
- Example: However quickly you finish, take your time to double-check your work.
- Explanation: In this sentence, "however" modifies the adverb "quickly." Again, no comma is needed after "however."
At the Beginning of a Question: When "however" begins a question, it doesn't require a following comma.
- Example: However did you manage to complete the project so quickly?
- Explanation: "However" introduces the question. Adding a comma would disrupt the flow of the question.
Within a Prepositional Phrase: If "however" is part of a prepositional phrase and directly modifies the preposition, no comma is necessary.
- Example: We will proceed however possible.
- Explanation: "However possible" acts as a unit, modifying the preposition "possible." A comma would be incorrect in this context.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Overusing Commas: It's tempting to sprinkle commas liberally, but resist the urge. Only use commas when grammatically necessary.
Misidentifying "However"'s Role: Accurately determine whether "however" is acting as a conjunctive adverb, coordinating conjunction, or interrupter before deciding on comma placement.
Ignoring the Semicolon: Remember that when "however" connects two closely related independent clauses, a semicolon is often the most appropriate punctuation mark to precede it.
Assuming a Comma is Always Needed: Don't fall into the trap of automatically adding a comma after "however." Carefully analyze the sentence structure.

Practical Examples and Exercises

To solidify your understanding, let's examine a few more examples and practice identifying the correct comma usage.

Example 1: The company faced numerous challenges; however, it managed to achieve record profits.

Analysis: "However" connects two independent clauses. A semicolon precedes it, and a comma follows it.

Example 2: The results, however, were not statistically significant.

Analysis: "However" interrupts the main clause. It requires commas on both sides.

Example 3: However much I try, I can't seem to understand the theory.

Analysis: "However" modifies "much." No comma is needed.

Exercise: Identify whether a comma is needed after "however" in the following sentences:

She studied diligently; however she still failed the exam.
However you choose to approach the problem, be sure to document your steps.
The movie, however, was much better than the book.
He tried to fix the car however he lacked the necessary tools.
However talented he may be, he still needs to practice.

Answers:

Incorrect. Should be: She studied diligently; however, she still failed the exam. (Conjunctive adverb)
Incorrect. Should be: However you choose to approach the problem, be sure to document your steps. (Modifying "you choose")
Correct. The movie, however, was much better than the book. (Interrupter)
Incorrect. Should be: He tried to fix the car, however he lacked the necessary tools. (Coordinating conjunction, though better rephrased as: He tried to fix the car, but he lacked the necessary tools.)
Incorrect. Should be: However talented he may be, he still needs to practice. (Modifying "talented")

Alternative Words and Phrases

Sometimes, rephrasing a sentence can avoid the "however" comma conundrum altogether. Consider using alternatives like:

But: A simple and direct alternative to "however" as a coordinating conjunction.
Yet: Similar to "but," but often implies a stronger contrast.
Nevertheless: A more formal alternative to "however."
Nonetheless: Another formal option, often used interchangeably with "nevertheless."
Even so: A less formal alternative that conveys a similar meaning.
Despite this: Emphasizes the contrast despite a preceding statement.
In spite of this: Similar to "despite this."
On the other hand: Introduces a contrasting viewpoint.

The Importance of Context

Ultimately, the decision of whether to use a comma after "however" hinges on the context of the sentence. By carefully analyzing the role "however" plays – whether as a conjunctive adverb, coordinating conjunction, or interrupter – you can confidently apply the correct punctuation. When in doubt, try reading the sentence aloud. The pauses and inflections in your voice can often provide clues about where commas might be needed. Furthermore, paying close attention to the surrounding words and phrases will help you understand the intended meaning and grammatical structure, leading to accurate and effective comma usage.

Conclusion: Mastering the "However" Comma

The proper use of commas with "however" is a subtle but crucial aspect of effective writing. While the rules may seem complex at first, understanding the different roles "however" can play within a sentence provides a solid foundation for accurate punctuation. Remember to consider whether "however" is connecting independent clauses, interrupting a sentence, or modifying a single word or phrase. By practicing these principles and paying close attention to context, you can master the "however" comma and elevate the clarity and precision of your writing. Now, armed with this comprehensive guide, you can confidently navigate the complexities of "however" and comma usage, ensuring your writing is both grammatically sound and stylistically polished. Remember to always proofread your work, and when in doubt, consult a grammar guide or style manual for further clarification.